For Gram Nyayalayas (village courts) at grass roots level for providing access to justice to the citizens at their doorsteps.
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
Act No. 4 of 2009
[7th January, 2009]
An Act to provide for the establishment of Gram Nyayalayas at the grass roots level for the purposes of providing access to justice to the citizens at their doorsteps and to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of social, economic or other disabilities and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto
Be it enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-ninth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—
Chapter I
PRELIMINARY
1. Short title, extent and commencement.
1. Short title, extent and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the State of Nagaland, the State of Arunachal Pradesh, the State of Sikkim and to the tribal areas.
Explanation.—In this sub-section, the expression “tribal areas” means the areas specified in Parts I, II, II-A and III of the Table below Paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution within the State of Assam, the State of Meghalaya, the State of Tripura and the State of Mizoram, respectively.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification published in the Official Gazette, appoint; and different dates may be appointed for different States.
2. Definitions.
2. Definitions.—In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “Gram Nyayalaya” means a court established under sub-section (1) of Section 3;
(b) “Gram Panchayat” means an institution (by whatever name called) of self-government constituted, at the village level, under Article 243-B of the Constitution, for the rural areas;
(c) “High Court” means,—
(i) in relation to any State, the High Court for that State;
(ii) in relation to a Union territory to which the jurisdiction of the High Court for a State has been extended by law, that High Court;
(iii) in relation to any other Union territory, the highest Court of criminal appeal for that territory other than the Supreme Court of India;
(d) “notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette and the expression “notified” shall be construed accordingly;
(e) “Nyayadhikari” means the presiding officer of a Gram Nyayalaya appointed under Section 5;
(f) “Panchayat at intermediate level” means an institution (by whatever name called) of self-government constituted, at the intermediate level, under Article 243-B of the Constitution, for the rural areas in accordance with the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution;
(g) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(h) “Schedule” means the Schedule appended to this Act;
(i) “State Government”, in relation to a Union territory, means the administrator thereof appointed under Article 239 of the Constitution;
(j) words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) or the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in those Codes.
Chapter II
GRAM NYAYALAYA
3. Establishment of Gram Nyayalayas.
3. Establishment of Gram Nyayalayas.—(1) For the purpose of exercising the jurisdiction and powers conferred on a Gram Nyayalaya by this Act, the State Government, after consultation with the High Court, may, by notification, establish one or more Gram Nyayalayas for every Panchayat at intermediate level or a group of contiguous Panchayats at intermediate level in a district or where there is no Panchayat at intermediate level in any State, for a group of contiguous Gram Panchayats.
(2) The State Government shall, after consultation with the High Court, specify, by notification, the local limits of the area to which the jurisdiction of a Gram Nyayalaya shall extend and may, at any time, increase, reduce or alter such limits.
(3) The Gram Nyayalayas established under sub-section (1) shall be in addition to the courts established under any other law for the time being in force.
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Other Contents of Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 |
4. Headquarters of Gram Nyayalaya.
4. Headquarters of Gram Nyayalaya.—The headquarters of every Gram Nyayalaya shall be located at the headquarters of the intermediate Panchayat in which the Gram Nyayalaya is established or such other place as may be notified by the State Government.
5. Appointment of Nyayadhikari.
5. Appointment of Nyayadhikari.—The State Government shall, in consultation with the High Court, appoint a Nyayadhikari for every Gram Nyayalaya.
6. Qualifications for appointment of Nyayadhikari.
6. Qualifications for appointment of Nyayadhikari.—(1) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Nyayadhikari unless he is eligible to be appointed as a Judicial Magistrate of the first class.
(2) While appointing a Nyayadhikari, representation shall be given to the members of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, women and such other classes or communities as may be specified by notification, by the State Government from time to time.
7. Salary, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Nyayadhikari.
7. Salary, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Nyayadhikari.—The salary and other allowances payable to, and the other terms and conditions of service of, a Nyayadhikari shall be such as may be applicable to the Judicial Magistrate of the first class.
8. Nyayadhikari not to preside over proceedings in which he is interested.
8. Nyayadhikari not to preside over proceedings in which he is interested.—The Nyayadhikari shall not preside over the proceedings of a Gram Nyayalaya in which he has any interest or is otherwise involved in the subject matter of the dispute or is related to any party to such proceedings and in such a case, the Nyayadhikari shall refer the matter to the District Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, for transferring it to any other Nyayadhikari.
9. Nyayadhikari to hold mobile courts and conduct proceedings in villages.
9. Nyayadhikari to hold mobile courts and conduct proceedings in villages.—(1) The Nyayadhikari shall periodically visit the villages falling under his jurisdiction and conduct trial or proceedings at any place which he considers is in close proximity to the place where the parties ordinarily reside or where the whole or part of the cause of action had arisen:
Provided that where the Gram Nyayalaya decides to hold mobile court outside its headquarters, it shall give wide publicity as to the date and place where it proposes to hold mobile court.
(2) The State Government shall extend all facilities to the Gram Nyayalaya including the provision of vehicles for holding mobile court by the Nyayadhikari while conducting trial or proceedings outside its headquarters.
10. Seal of Gram Nyayalaya.
10. Seal of Gram Nyayalaya.—Every Gram Nyayalaya established under this Act shall use a seal of the court in such form and dimensions as may be prescribed by the High Court with the approval of the State Government.
Chapter III
JURISDICTION, POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF GRAM NYAYALAYA
11. Jurisdiction of Gram Nyayalaya.
11. Jurisdiction of Gram Nyayalaya.—Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) or the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) or any other law for the time being in force, the Gram Nyayalaya shall exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction in the manner and to the extent provided under this Act.
12. Criminal jurisdiction.
12. Criminal jurisdiction.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) or any other law for the time being in force, the Gram Nyayalaya may take cognizance of an offence on a complaint or on a police report and shall—
(a) try all offences specified in Part I of the First Schedule; and
(b) try all offences and grant relief, if any, specified under the enactments included in Part II of that Schedule.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the Gram Nyayalaya shall also try all such offences or grant such relief under the State Acts which may be notified by the State Government under sub-section (3) of Section 14.
13. Civil jurisdiction.
13. Civil jurisdiction.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) or any other law for the time being in force, and subject to sub-section (2), the Gram Nyayalaya shall have jurisdiction to—
(a) try all suits or proceedings of a civil nature falling under the classes of disputes specified in Part I of the Second Schedule;
(b) try all classes of claims and disputes which may be notified by the Central Government under sub-section (1) of Section 14 and by the State Government under sub-section (3) of the said section.
(2) The pecuniary limits of the Gram Nyayalaya shall be such as may be specified by the High Court, in consultation with the State Government, by notification, from time to time.
14. Power to amend Schedules.
14. Power to amend Schedules.—(1) Where the Central Government is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient so to do, it may, by notification, add to or omit any item in Part I or Part II of the First Schedule or Part II of the Second Schedule, as the case may be, and it shall be deemed to have been amended accordingly.
(2) Every notification issued under sub-section (1) shall be laid before each House of Parliament.
(3) If the State Government is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient so to do, it may, in consultation with the High Court, by notification, add to any item in Part III of the First Schedule or Part III of the Second Schedule or omit from it any item in respect of which the State Legislature is competent to make laws and thereupon the First Schedule or the Second Schedule, as the case may be, shall be deemed to have been amended accordingly.
(4) Every notification issued under sub-section (3) shall be laid before the State Legislature.
15. Limitation.
15. Limitation.—(1) The provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963) shall be applicable to the suits triable by the Gram Nyayalaya.
(2) The provisions of Chapter XXXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall be applicable in respect of the offences triable by the Gram Nyayalaya.
16. Transfer of pending proceedings.
16. Transfer of pending proceedings.—(1) The District Court or the Court of Session, as the case may be, with effect from such date as may be notified by the High Court, may transfer all the civil or criminal cases, pending before the courts subordinate to it, to the Gram Nyayalaya competent to try or dispose of such cases.
(2) The Gram Nyayalaya may, in its discretion, either retry the cases or proceed from the stage at which it was transferred to it.
17. Duties of ministerial officers.
17. Duties of ministerial officers.—(1) The State Government shall determine the nature and categories of the officers and other employees required to assist a Gram Nyayalaya in the discharge of its functions and provide the Gram Nyayalaya with such officers and other employees as it may think fit.
(2) The salaries and allowances payable to, and other conditions of service of, the officers and other employees of the Gram Nyayalaya shall be such as may be prescribed by the State Government.
(3) The officers and other employees of a Gram Nyayalaya shall perform such duties as may, from time to time, be assigned to them by the Nyayadhikari.
Chapter IV
PROCEDURE IN CRIMINAL CASES
18. Overriding effect of Act in criminal trial.
18. Overriding effect of Act in criminal trial.—The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) or any other law, but save as expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code shall, in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, apply to the proceedings before a Gram Nyayalaya; and for the purpose of the said provisions of the Code, the Gram Nyayalaya shall be deemed to be a Court of Judicial Magistrate of the first class.
19. Gram Nyayalaya to follow summary trial procedure.
19. Gram Nyayalaya to follow summary trial procedure.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of Section 260 or sub-section (2) of Section 262 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), the Gram Nyayalaya shall try the offences in a summary way in accordance with the procedure specified in Chapter XXI of the said Code and the provisions of sub-section (1) of Section 262 and Sections 263 to 265 of the said Code, shall, so far as may be, apply to such trial.
(2) When, in the course of a summary trial, it appears to the Nyayadhikari that the nature of the case is such that it is undesirable to try it summarily, the Nyayadhikari shall recall any witness who may have been examined and proceed to re-hear the case in the manner provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).
20. Plea bargaining before Gram Nyayalaya.
20. Plea bargaining before Gram Nyayalaya.—A person accused of an offence may file an application for plea bargaining in Gram Nyayalaya in which such offence is pending trial and the Gram Nyayalaya shall dispose of the case in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XXI-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).
21. Conduct of cases in Gram Nyayalaya and legal aid to parties.
21. Conduct of cases in Gram Nyayalaya and legal aid to parties.—(1) For the purpose of conducting criminal cases in the Gram Nyayalaya on behalf of the Government, the provisions of Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall apply.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), in a criminal proceeding before the Gram Nyayalaya, the complainant may engage an advocate of his choice at his expense to present the case of prosecution with the leave of the Gram Nyayalaya.
(3) The State Legal Services Authority, constituted under Section 6 of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (39 of 1987), shall prepare a panel of advocates and assign at least two of them to be attached to each Gram Nyayalaya so that their services may be provided by the Gram Nyayalaya to the accused unable to engage an advocate.
22. Pronouncement of judgment.
22. Pronouncement of judgment.—(1) The judgment in every trial shall be pronounced by the Nyayadhikari in open court immediately after the termination of the trial or at any subsequent time, not exceeding fifteen days, of which notice shall be given to the parties.
(2) The Gram Nyayalaya shall deliver a copy of its judgment immediately to both the parties free of cost.
Chapter V
PROCEDURE IN CIVIL CASES
23. Overriding effect of Act in civil proceedings.
23. Overriding effect of Act in civil proceedings.—The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) or any other law, but save as expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code shall, in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, apply to the proceedings before a Gram Nyayalaya; and for the purpose of the said provisions of the Code, the Gram Nyayalaya shall be deemed to be a civil court.
24. Special procedure in civil disputes.
24. Special procedure in civil disputes.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, every suit, claim or dispute under this Act shall be instituted by making an application to the Gram Nyayalaya in such form, in such manner, and accompanied by such fee, not exceeding rupees one hundred, as may be prescribed by the High Court, from time to time, in consultation with the State Government.
(2) Where a suit, claim or dispute has been duly instituted, a summons shall be issued by the Gram Nyayalaya, accompanied by a copy of the application made under sub-section (1), to the opposite party to appear and answer the claim by such date as may be specified therein and the same shall be served in such manner as may be prescribed by the High Court.
(3) After the opposite party files his written statement, the Gram Nyayalaya shall fix a date for hearing and inform all the parties to be present in person or through their advocates.
(4) On the date fixed for hearing, the Gram Nyayalaya shall hear both the parties in regard to their respective contentions and where the dispute does not require recording of any evidence, pronounce the judgment; and in case where it requires recording of evidence, the Gram Nyayalaya shall proceed further.
(5) The Gram Nyayalaya shall also have the power,—
(a) to dismiss any case for default or to proceed ex parte; and
(b) to set aside any such order of dismissal for default or any order passed by it for hearing the case ex parte.
(6) In regard to any incidental matter that may arise during the course of the proceedings, the Gram Nyayalaya shall adopt such procedure as it may deem just and reasonable in the interest of justice.
(7) The proceedings shall, as far as practicable, be consistent with the interests of justice and the hearing shall be continued on a day-to-day basis until its conclusion, unless the Gram Nyayalaya finds the adjournment of the hearing beyond the following day to be necessary for reasons to be recorded in writing.
(8) The Gram Nyayalaya shall dispose of the application made under sub-section (1) within a period of six months from the date of its institution.
(9) The judgment in every suit, claim or dispute shall be pronounced in open court by the Gram Nyayalaya immediately after conclusion of hearing or at any subsequent time, not exceeding fifteen days, of which notice shall be given to the parties.
(10) The judgment shall contain a concise statement of the case, the point for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for such decision.
(11) A copy of the judgment shall be delivered free of cost to both the parties within three days from the date of pronouncement of the judgment.
25. Execution of decrees and orders of Gram Nyayalaya.
25. Execution of decrees and orders of Gram Nyayalaya.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), the judgment passed by a Gram Nyayalaya shall be deemed to be a decree and it shall be executed by a Gram Nyayalaya as a decree of the civil court and for this purpose, the Gram Nyayalaya shall have all the powers of a civil court.
(2) The Gram Nyayalaya shall not be bound by the procedure in respect of execution of a decree as provided in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) and it shall be guided by the principles of natural justice.
(3) A decree may be executed either by the Gram Nyayalaya which passed it or by the other Gram Nyayalaya to which it is sent for execution.
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